Added captions to figures and numbering for equations
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report.pdf
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report.pdf
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report.typ
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report.typ
@@ -18,17 +18,36 @@
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justify: true,
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justify: true,
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)
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)
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#show par: set block(spacing: 2em)
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#set heading(numbering: "1.")
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#set math.equation(numbering: it => {
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locate(loc => {
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let count = counter(heading).at(loc).last()
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numbering("1.1", count, it)
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})
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})
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#show heading: it => {
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#show heading: it => {
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underline(stroke: 0.05em, it)
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let count = locate(loc => [
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v(0.3em)
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#counter(heading).at(loc).last()
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#text(")")
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])
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set text(size: 16pt)
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block()[
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#count
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#underline(it.body)
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]
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v(0.5em)
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}
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#show figure.caption: it => {
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set par(leading: 0.8em)
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it
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}
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}
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#metro-setup(inter-unit-product: $dot.c$)
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#metro-setup(inter-unit-product: $dot.c$)
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#box(height: 100%, width: 100%)[
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#box(height: 100%, width: 100%)[
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#set align(horizon + center)
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#set align(horizon + center)
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#set par(leading: 1em)
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#set par(leading: 1em)
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@@ -57,18 +76,21 @@ The masses of both weights can be measured and the forces can be calculated from
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By varying the weights and measuring acceleration, the relationship between forces and acceleration can be calculated.
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By varying the weights and measuring acceleration, the relationship between forces and acceleration can be calculated.
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= Theory
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#grid(
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#grid(
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columns: (50%, 50%),
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columns: (50%, 50%),
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rows: (auto),
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rows: (auto),
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box(width: 100%)[An Atwood machine consists of two weights ($m_1$ and $m_2$) connected by a string ($S$).
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box(width: 100%)[
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= T#h(0.02em)heory
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An Atwood machine consists of two weights ($m_1$ and $m_2$) connected by a string ($S$).
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The string is placed on a wheel that allows the weights to move up and down.
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The string is placed on a wheel that allows the weights to move up and down.
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The system can be modeled with the two free body diagrams:],
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The system can be modeled with the two free body diagrams:
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],
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figure(
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figure(
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image("./001.png", width: 80%),
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image("./001.png", width: 80%),
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caption: [A model of the Atwood machine used in the procedure]
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)
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)
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)
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)
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#grid(
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#grid(
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columns: (50%, 50%),
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columns: (50%, 50%),
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@@ -110,53 +132,52 @@ By varying the weights and measuring acceleration, the relationship between forc
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The sum of forces in the y direction for each weight can be found by adding
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The sum of forces in the y direction for each weight can be found by adding
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the two forces in each diagram. Since these are the only forces acting on the weights
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the two forces in each diagram. Since these are the only forces acting on the weights
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$ sum F_(y,m_1) = F^T_(S,m_1) + F^G_(g,m_1) $
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$ sum F_(y,m_1) = F^T_(S,m_1) + F^G_(g,m_1) $ <eq-1>
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$ sum F_(y,m_1) = F^T_(S,m_1) + F^G_(g,m_1) $
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$ sum F_(y,m_1) = F^T_(S,m_1) + F^G_(g,m_1) $ <eq-2>
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Taking the downward direction to be positive, $F^G_(g,m_1)$ and
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Taking the downward direction to be positive, $F^G_(g,m_1)$ and
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$F^G_(g,m_2)$ can be found with the equation
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$F^G_(g,m_2)$ can be found with the equation
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t
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t
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$ F = m a $
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$ F = m a $ <eq-3>
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$ F^G_(g,m_1) = m_1 g $
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$ F^G_(g,m_1) = m_1 g $ <eq-4>
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$ F^G_(g,m_2) = m_2 g $
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$ F^G_(g,m_2) = m_2 g $ <eq-5>
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Assuming that the string is not stretching, $m_1$ and $m_2$ are each
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Assuming that the string is not stretching, $m_1$ and $m_2$ are each
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exerting equal forces on each of the weights
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exerting equal forces on each of the weights
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$ F^T_(S,m_1) = F^T_(S,m_2) = F^T $
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$ F^T_(S,m_1) = F^T_(S,m_2) = F^T $ <eq-6>
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Since the rope is not stretching, the objects are
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Since the rope is not stretching, the objects are
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accelerating with the same magnitude but in
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accelerating with the same magnitude but in
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opposite directions. Using this fact,
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opposite directions. Using this fact,
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the values for $F^G$ and $F^T$ found previously,
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the values found in @eq-4, @eq-5, and @eq-6,
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and that $sum F_y = m a_y$ the equations can be simplified to:
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and that $sum F_y = m a_y$ the equations can be simplified to:
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$ m_1 a = F^T + m_1 g $
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$ m_1 a = F^T + m_1 g $ <eq-7>
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$ -m_2 a = F^T + m_2 g $
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$ -m_2 a = F^T + m_2 g $ <eq-8>
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The first equation can now be solved for $F^T$ and can be plugged into
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The first equation can now be solved for $F^T$ and can be plugged into
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the second equation
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the second equation
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$ F^T = m_1 a - m_1 g $
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$ F^T = m_1 a - m_1 g $ <eq-9>
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$ -m_2 a = m_2 g - (m_1 a - m_1 g) $
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$ -m_2 a = m_2 g - (m_1 a - m_1 g) $ <eq-10>
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$ -m_2 a = m_2 g - m_1 a + m_1 g $
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$ -m_2 a = m_2 g - m_1 a + m_1 g $ <eq-11>
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Isolating $a$ then gives us an equation for acceleration in terms of $m_1$ and $m_2$
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Isolating $a$ then gives an equation for acceleration in terms of $m_1$ and $m_2$
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$ m_1 a - m_2 a = m_2 g + m_1 g $
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$ m_1 a - m_2 a = m_2 g + m_1 g $ <eq-12>
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$ a = (m_2 g + m_1 g)/(m_1 - m_2) $
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$ a = (m_2 g + m_1 g)/(m_1 - m_2) $ <eq-13>
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Pulling $g$ out of the right side of the equation gives
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Pulling $g$ out of the right side of the equation gives
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$ a = g ((m_2 + m_1)/(m_1 - m_2)) $
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$ a = g ((m_2 + m_1)/(m_1 - m_2)) $ <eq-14>
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Using $M$ to represent $(m_2 + m_1)/(m_1 - m_2)$, the equation used for this procedure is found:
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Using $M$ to represent $(m_2 + m_1)/(m_1 - m_2)$, the equation used for this procedure is found:
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$ a = g M $
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$ a = g M $ <eq-15>
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= Procedure
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= Procedure
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An Atwood Machine was created by suspending a string from a wheel attached to a lab support.
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An Atwood Machine was created by suspending a string from a wheel attached to a lab support.
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A photogate so that it was blocked multiple times while the wheel spun.
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A photogate so that it was blocked multiple times while the wheel spun.
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On each end of the string, weights were attached of varying masses.
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On each end of the string, weights were attached of varying masses.
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@@ -178,8 +199,6 @@ any equipment due to the increased acceleration.
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#align(center)[
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#align(center)[
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#box(width: 85%)[
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#box(width: 85%)[
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#set par(leading: 0.5em)
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#figure(
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#figure(
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caption: [A table containing all of the values collected during the experiment]
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caption: [A table containing all of the values collected during the experiment]
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)[
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)[
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@@ -210,19 +229,19 @@ any equipment due to the increased acceleration.
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]
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]
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]
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]
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= Data Analysis
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= Data Analysis
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Since the function should yield a linear function with slope $g$,
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Since the function should yield a linear function with slope $g$,
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an experimental value for $g$ can be found by finding the line of
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an experimental value for $g$ can be found by finding the line of
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best fit of the function.
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best fit of the function.
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$ g_"experimental" = 9.13 unit(meter/(second^2)) $
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$ g_"experimental" = 9.13 unit(meter/(second^2)) $ <eq-16>
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Comparing the calculated $g$ to the accepted $g = 9.81 unit(meter/(second^2))$ the percent
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Comparing the calculated $g$ to the accepted $g = 9.81 unit(meter/(second^2))$ the percent
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deviation can be calculated
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deviation can be calculated
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$ "% deviation" = abs((T - E)/T) dot 100 $
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$ "% deviation" = abs((T - E)/T) dot 100 $ <eq-17>
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$ "% deviation" = abs((9.81 - 9.13)/9.81) dot 100 $
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$ "% deviation" = abs((9.81 - 9.13)/9.81) dot 100 $ <eq-18>
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$ "% deviation" = 6.9% $
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$ "% deviation" = 6.9% $ <eq-19>
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This error is somewhat high but is still a decent result.
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This error is somewhat high but is still a decent result.
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The two dominant errors causing this error are systematic and random error.
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The two dominant errors causing this error are systematic and random error.
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@@ -243,8 +262,8 @@ minor source of error in the experiment. Both errors included here are somewhat
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difficult to reduce given that they would require upgraded or new equipment.
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difficult to reduce given that they would require upgraded or new equipment.
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However, the influence of the random error could be reduced by performing more trials.
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However, the influence of the random error could be reduced by performing more trials.
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= Conclusion
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= Conclusion
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An Atwood Machine can be a good method for determining acceleration due to gravity.
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An Atwood Machine can be a good method for determining acceleration due to gravity.
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Although experimental errors caused a rather large error of 6.9%, it is still a relatively
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Although experimental errors caused a rather large error of 6.9%, it is still a relatively
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good approximation. The results could likely be improved by running more trials to
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good approximation. The results could likely be improved by running more trials to
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